人身攻擊 Attacking the Person (argumentum ad hominem)

剛剛在PTT的政治版嗅到有人在討論「人身攻擊」,有高人提醒,下方版規有「人身攻擊」的定義,有英語也有中譯。政治版裡頭的中文翻譯者是mchotdicku,我覺得「人身攻擊」是很有意思的東西,建立在mchotdicku的基礎之上,我也翻譯了一次,下面見原文和翻譯:

原始文章來自這裡。

Attacking the Person
(argumentum ad hominem)

Definition:

      The person presenting an argument is attacked instead of the argument itself. This takes many forms. For example, the person's character, nationality or religion may be attacked. Alternatively, it may be pointed out that a person stands to gain from a favourable outcome. Or, finally, a person may be attacked by association, or by the company he keeps.

      There are three major forms of Attacking the Person:
1. ad hominem (abusive): instead of attacking an assertion, the argument attacks the person who made the assertion.
2. ad hominem (circumstantial): instead of attacking an assertion the author points to the relationship between the person making the assertion and the person's circumstances.
3. ad hominem (tu quoque): this form of attack on the person notes that a person does not practise what he
            preaches.

Examples:

   1. You may argue that God doesn't exist, but you are just following a fad. (ad hominem abusive)
   2. We should discount what Premier Klein says about taxation because he won't be hurt by the increase. (ad hominem circumstantial)
   3. We should disregard Share B.C.'s argument because they are being funded by the logging industry. (ad hominem circumstantial)
   4. You say I shouldn't drink, but you haven't been sober for more than a year. (ad hominem tu quoque)

Proof:

Identify the attack and show that the character or circumstances of the person has nothing to do with the truth or falsity of the proposition being defended.

References:

Barker: 166, Cedarblom and Paulsen: 155, Copi and Cohen: 97, Davis: 80

下面是建立在mchotdicku的翻譯上,再重新翻譯、排版的:

人身攻擊

定義:

攻詰提出論點的人,而不是論點本身。人身攻擊有許多形式。例如,攻詰其人的人格、國籍、宗教。人身攻擊亦可能換成另外一種方式,例如:指出對手是為了作出有利的結論而採取某種特定的立場。最後一種可能的方式,就是質疑對手的陣營或其所屬的團體。

下面是三種主要人身攻擊的形式:

一、對人不對事(辱罵):論證時攻擊的不是主張,而是攻擊提出該主張的人。

二、對人不對事(間接推測的):論證時攻擊的不是某個主張,而是指出提出該主張的人和其所處的環境的關係。

三、對人不對事(反駁指控):這種形式的攻擊提出當事人並無法言行一致。

人身攻擊的例子:

一、你可能會爭辯說「上帝不存在」,然而你只是跟著潮流罷了!(對人不對事(辱罵))

二、對總理克萊因所說有關稅收的話,我們應該要打個折扣,因為他不會在稅收增加時而受到危害。(對人不對事(間接推測的))

三、我們應該無視B.C.的論點,因為他們受到代木業的資助。(對人不對事(間接推測的))

四、你說我不應該喝酒,但是你也不比我清醒到哪裡去。(對人不對事(反駁指控))

破解:

找出該類的攻擊,並且表明一個人的人格或所處環境和其所提的論點對錯是不相關的。

維基百科內也有人身攻擊相關的文章,見

下面分享一些人身攻擊的例子:



以上來自噗浪噗友的示範。

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