學習者應該要接觸幾次新詞,才能學習會一個詞?

從過往的研究來看,研究者們認為能夠學會一個詞所需要的接觸次數在5次到16次之間(Nation, 1990) (Nation1990)。之所以存在5次到16次這麼大範圍的變異,Schmitt (2010) 認為和接觸時的方式以及學習者投入的程度有關。


如果第一語言閱讀的情況下,不經意地學習(incidental learning),能夠在一次接觸的情況下,掌握新詞詞義的機會界於5%到16%(nagy1997)(Nagy, 1997) 。而第二語言的情況下,雖然能夠說有學習的發生,但是都不太穩固(Paribakht & Wesche, 1993; Horst & Meara, 1999; Pigada & Schmitt, 2006) 。

如果是刻意地學習(intentional learning)時,學習的成果都比不經意地學習更好。儘管如此,學習的成果還是隨著時間衰退。但是,如果學習者投入的程度高的時候,例如透過hulstijn1997的關鍵字方法的話,即使只有一次的接觸,都可以產生在詞彙裡形式和意義的連結。

Schmitt (2010) 認為,學習詞語的過程是一個階段、一個階段的(incremental),所以在進行詞彙教學的時候,應該讓詞語循環地出現(recycling)。最簡單的方式是選擇依照循環原則出現詞語的教科書。然而,大多數的時候,老師是無法選擇教科書的,因此透過一些課堂活動,例如:詞彙遊戲、有意地回顧或把教過的字放在例句中,都是可以用來把重要的語言點標識出來的方式。


References

Henriksen, B. (1999). Three dimensions of vocabulary development. Studies in second language acquisition, 21(2), 303-317.
Horst, M. & Meara, P. (1999). Test of a model for predicting second language lexical growth through reading. Canadian Modern Language Review, 56(2), 308-328.
Hulstijn, J. H. (1997). Mnemonic methods in foreign language vocabulary learning: Theoretical considerations and pedagogical implications. In (), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy. Cambridge University Press.
Nagy, W. E. (1997). The role of context in first-and second-language vocabulary learning. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Ed.), Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition, and Pedagogy (pp. 64-83). Cambridge University Press.
Nation, I. S. (1990). Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Heinle ELT.
Paribakht, T. S. & Wesche, M. B. (1993). Reading comprehension and second language development in a comprehension-based ESL program. TESL Canada journal, 11(1), 09-29.
Pigada, M. & Schmitt, N. (2006). Vocabulary acquisition from extensive reading: A case study. Reading in a foreign language, 18(1), 1.
Russell, P. (1979). The Brain Book. Rouledge and Kegan Pau.
Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge University PRess.
Schmitt, N. (2010). Key issues in teaching and learning vocabulary. In (Ed.), Insights into non-native vocabulary teaching and learning (pp. 28-40). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

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