從上面這樣的理路來看,人們自由聯想的詞彙可能不受頻率或語言程度所決定。
Wolter (2001) 提出了個別詞語知識深度(depth of individual word knowledge, DIWK)模型試圖描繪第一語言和第二語言的心理詞典的樣貌。
探索DIWK模型時,我們必須先知道它的限制:一、在任何一個時間段,一個二語學習者的心理詞典總是會有別於大部分的母語者。即便是很熟練的二語者,其詞彙量仍是母語者少。此外,母語者的心理詞典也是不穩定的,有時候也會有某些詞語想不起來;二、過往對於心理詞典的分析都是全面地評估整體的自由聯想項目,所以得到的結論也都是試圖將個別的反應項目嵌入整體的心理詞典中。然而,自由聯想能夠得到的只是個別詞語和其相關詞語的聯想,並不適合用來說明全面的心理詞彙的結構;三、詞語在心理詞典中,並非總是處在一樣的狀態。詞語並不是懂或不懂這樣二分的概念:有些詞是非常了解,有些詞稍微了解,是了解程度上的差別。這也呼應人們接收的詞彙總是大於產出的詞彙。這個模型的核心也就是在提出對於個別詞彙理解的程度會影響它在心理詞典的連結。
Wolter (2001) 的DIWK模型將詞語知識以同心圓的方式,由內而外分成五個程度:非常熟識的詞語、熟識的詞語、中等熟識的詞語、稍微熟識的詞語,以及圓外不認識的詞語。
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